گرمایش جهانی، اسیدی شدن اقیانوس‌ها و پاسخ جانوران کربنات کلسیم ساز

نوع مقاله : مقاله ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 زیست شناسی دریا- دانشگاه هرمزگان

2 گروه زیست شناسی دریا- دانشکده علوم و فنون دریایی دانشگاه هرمزگان

چکیده

به طور معمول سطح آب اقیانوس‌ها با کربنات کلسیم اشباع شده است؛ اما افزایش غلظت CO2 اتمسفری، منجر به کاهش میزان غلظت یون کربنات و نیز pH آب دریاها و اقیانوس‌ها شده است. پیش بینی‌ها حاکی از این است که تا پایان قرن، شاهد دوبرابر شدن میزان CO2 و درنتیجه افزایش 3 درجه ایِ میانگین دمای آب اقیانوسی و کاهش pH تا 4/0-3/0 واحد نسبت به pH امروزی آب‌ها خواهیم بود. شواهد تجربی گویای این امرست که چنانچه این روند ادمه یابد ارگانیسم‌ها و موجودات کلیدی دریاها همچون مرجان‌ها و برخی از پلانکتون‌های کربنات کلسیم ساز برای ساخت کربنات کلسیم مورد نیاز خود با مشکل مواجه خواهند شد و ادامه آن می‌تواند منجر به مرگ این موجودات و آسیب رسیدن به این اکوسیستم‌های حساس گردد و باعث از بین رفتن بخش عظیمی از تنوع زیستی آب‌ها شود. در این مطالعه ضمن تشریح فرآیند صورت گرفته در اثر ورود CO2 به محیط‌های آبی، راجع به تاثیرات آن بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی آب و نیز پیامد‌های آن برای موجودات کربنات کلسیم ساز به بحث پرداخته‌ایم.

کلیدواژه‌ها


1-      Andersson, A.J., Kline, D.I., Edmunds, P.J., Archer, S.D., Bednaršek, N., Carpenter, R.C., Chadsey, M., Goldstein, P., Grottoli, A.G., Hurst, T.P. and King, A.L., 2015. Understanding ocean acidification impacts on organismal to ecological scales. Oceanography28(2), pp.16-27.
2-      Andrews, O.D., Bindoff, N.L., Halloran, P.R., Ilyina, T. and Quéré, C.L., 2013. Detecting an external influence on recent changes in oceanic oxygen using an optimal fingerprinting method. Biogeosciences10(3), pp.1799-1813.
3-      Beare, D., McQuatters-Gollop, A., van der Hammen, T., Machiels, M., Teoh, S.J. and Hall-Spencer, J.M., 2013. Long-term trends in calcifying plankton and pH in the North Sea. PLoS One8(5), p.e61175.
4-      Berkes, F., Hughes, T.P., Steneck, R.S., Wilson, J.A., Bellwood, D.R., Crona, B., Folke, C., Gunderson, L.H., Leslie, H.M., Norberg, J. and Nyström, M., 2006. Globalization, roving bandits, and marine resources. Science311(5767), pp.1557-1558.
5-      Brewer, P.G., 1997. Ocean chemistry of the fossil fuel CO2 signal: The haline signal of “business as usual”. Geophysical Research Letters24(11), pp.1367-1369.
6-      Brierley, A.S. and Kingsford, M.J., 2009. Impacts of climate change on marine organisms and ecosystems. Current biology19(14), pp.R602-R614.
7-      Broecker, W.S., Takahashi, T., Simpson, H.J. and Peng, T.H., 1979. Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science206(4417), pp.409-418.
8-      Byrne, M., 2012. Global change ecotoxicology: identification of early life history bottlenecks in marine invertebrates, variable species responses and variable experimental approaches. Marine environmental research76, pp.3-15.
9-      Cai, W., Shi, G., Cowan, T., Bi, D. and Ribbe, J., 2005. The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid‐latitude ocean circulation to global warming. Geophysical Research Letters32(23).
10-  Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M.E., 2003. Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature425(6956), p.365.
11-  Cooper, T.F., O’Leary, R.A. and Lough, J.M., 2012. Growth of Western Australian corals in the Anthropocene. Science335(6068), pp.593-596.
12-  Datta, R. and Sarkar, D., 2018. Bio-Buffering to Combat Ocean Acidification?. Current Pollution Reports4(4), pp.283-284.
13-  D’Olivo, J.P., McCulloch, M.T. and Judd, K., 2013. Long-term records of coral calcification across the central Great Barrier Reef: assessing the impacts of river runoff and climate change. Coral Reefs32(4), pp.999-1012.
14-  De'ath, G., Lough, J.M. and Fabricius, K.E., 2009. Declining coral calcification on the Great Barrier Reef. Science323(5910), pp.116-119.
15-  Denman, K.L., 2008. Climate change, ocean processes and ocean iron fertilization. Marine Ecology Progress Series364, pp.219-225.
16-  Duarte, C.M., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A. and Krause-Jensen, D., 2017. Can seaweed farming play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation?. Frontiers in Marine Science4, p.100.
17-  Dupont, S., Ortega-Martinez, O. and Thorndyke, M., 2010. Impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms. Ecotoxicology19(3), pp.449-462.
18-  Fabricius, K.E., De'ath, G., Noonan, S. and Uthicke, S., 2014. Ecological effects of ocean acidification and habitat complexity on reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences281(1775), p.20132479.
19-  Feely, R.A., Sabine, C.L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J., Fabry, V.J. and Millero, F.J., 2004. Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science305(5682), pp.362-366.
20-  Freedman, B., 1995. Environmental ecology: the ecological effects of pollution, disturbance, and other stresses. Elsevier.
21-  Freiwald, A., Fossa, J.H., Grehan, A., Koslow, T. and Roberts, J.M., 2004. Cold-water coral reefs: out of sight-no longer out of mind. UNEP-WCMC.
22-  Gattuso, J.P., Frankignoulle, M., Bourge, I., Romaine, S. and Buddemeier, R.W., 1998. Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification. Global and Planetary Change18(1-2), pp.37-46.
23-  Gattuso, J.P., Magnan, A., Billé, R., Cheung, W.W., Howes, E.L., Joos, F., Allemand, D., Bopp, L., Cooley, S.R., Eakin, C.M. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 2015. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios. Science349(6243), p.aac4722.
24-  Gil-Díaz, T., Haroun, R., Tuya, F., Betancor, S. and Viera-Rodríguez, M.A., 2014. Effects of ocean acidification on the brown alga Padina pavonica: decalcification due to acute and chronic events. PloS one9(9), p.e108630.
25-  Halloran, P.R., Hall, I.R., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E. and Rickaby, R.E.M., 2008. Evidence for a multi-species coccolith volume change over the past two centuries: understanding a potential ocean acidification response. Biogeosciences5(6).
26-  Harvey, B.P., Gwynn‐Jones, D. and Moore, P.J., 2013. Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming. Ecology and evolution3(4), pp.1016-1030.
27-  Haugan, P.M. and Drange, H., 1996. Effects of CO2 on the ocean environment. Energy Conversion and Management37(6-8), pp.1019-1022.
28-  Heller, N.E. and Zavaleta, E.S., 2009. Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: a review of 22 years of recommendations. Biological conservation142(1), pp.14-32.
29-  Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 2004. Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change. Symbiosis37(1), pp.1-31.
30-  Kleypas, J.A., Buddemeier, R.W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.P., Langdon, C. and Opdyke, B.N., 1999. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. science284(5411), pp.118-120.
31-  Kroeker, K.J., Kordas, R.L., Crim, R., Hendriks, I.E., Ramajo, L., Singh, G.S., Duarte, C.M. and Gattuso, J.P., 2013. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Global change biology19(6), pp.1884-1896.
32-  Langdon, C., Broecker, W.S., Hammond, D.E., Glenn, E., Fitzsimmons, K., Nelson, S.G., Peng, T.H., Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G., 2003. Effect of elevated CO2 on the community metabolism of an experimental coral reef. Global Biogeochemical Cycles17(1).
33-  Lough, J.M., 2010. Climate records from corals. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: climate change1(3), pp.318-331.
34-  Lough, J.M. and Cooper, T.F., 2011. New insights from coral growth band studies in an era of rapid environmental change. Earth-Science Reviews108(3-4), pp.170-184.
35-  Meinshausen, M., Meinshausen, N., Hare, W., Raper, S.C., Frieler, K., Knutti, R., Frame, D.J. and Allen, M.R., 2009. Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 C. Nature458(7242), p.1158.
36-  Moy, A.D., Howard, W.R., Bray, S.G. and Trull, T.W., 2009. Reduced calcification in modern Southern Ocean planktonic foraminifera. Nature geoscience2(4), p.276.
37-  Nagelkerken, I. and Connell, S.D., 2015. Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences112(43), pp.13272-13277.
38-  O'Neill, S. and Nicholson-Cole, S., 2009. “Fear won't do it” promoting positive engagement with climate change through visual and iconic representations. Science Communication30(3), pp.355-379.
39-  Orr, J.C., Fabry, V.J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S.C., Feely, R.A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F. and Key, R.M., 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature437(7059), p.681.
40-  Pearson, P.N. and Palmer, M.R., 1999. Middle Eocene seawater pH and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Science284(5421), pp.1824-1826.
41-  Prada, F., Caroselli, E., Mengoli, S., Brizi, L., Fantazzini, P., Capaccioni, B., Pasquini, L., Fabricius, K.E., Dubinsky, Z., Falini, G. and Goffredo, S., 2017. Ocean warming and acidification synergistically increase coral mortality. Scientific reports7, p.40842.
42-  Riebesell, U. and Gattuso, J.P., 2014. Lessons learned from ocean acidification research. Nature Climate Change5(1), p.12.
43-  Ruttimann, J., 2006. Oceanography: sick seas. Nature Publishing Group.
44-  Schiermeier, Q., Tollefson, J., Scully, T., Witze, A. and Morton, O., 2008. Energy alternatives: Electricity without carbon. Nature News454(7206), pp.816-823.
45-  Semesi, I.S., Beer, S. and Björk, M., 2009. Seagrass photosynthesis controls rates of calcification and photosynthesis of calcareous macroalgae in a tropical seagrass meadow. Marine Ecology Progress Series382, pp.41-47.
46-  Shirayama, Y. and Thornton, H., 2005. Effect of increased atmospheric CO2 on shallow water marine benthos. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans110(C9).
47-  Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Averyt, K. and Marquis, M. eds., 2007. Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Vol. 4). Cambridge university press.
48-  Sørensen, J.G., Kristensen, T.N. and Loeschcke, V., 2003. The evolutionary and ecological role of heat shock proteins. Ecology letters6(11), pp.1025-1037.
49-  Wu, L., Cai, W., Zhang, L., Nakamura, H., Timmermann, A., Joyce, T., McPhaden, M.J., Alexander, M., Qiu, B., Visbeck, M. and Chang, P., 2012. Enhanced warming over the global subtropical western boundary currents. Nature Climate Change2(3), p.161.
50-  Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Smith, A., Barry, T.L., Coe, A.L., Bown, P.R., Brenchley, P., Cantrill, D., Gale, A., Gibbard, P. and Gregory, F.J., 2008. Are we now living in the Anthropocene?. Gsa Today18(2), p.4.